IR sokarno

By: Malay Encyclopedia Indonesia 

Soekarno (Bung Karno) First President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1945 - 1966, adopted ideology of development 'stand on own feet'. Proklamator who was born in Blitar, East Java, 6 June 1901 with a stout mocking the United States and other capitalist countries: "Go to hell with your aid." Damnation with bantuanmu. 

He invites state-Nega-ra developing (newly independent) together. Leader of the Revolution is successful mengge-lorakan revolutionary spirit of his people, and maintain the integrity of NKRI. 

Figure art lover has a slogan put out a strong aspiration to bring the stars at the life of the people prosperous, fairly prosperous. Ideology of development of the men who came from the patrician Java (His father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, tribe called Java and her mother Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai, Bali tribe), this when viewed from the book Pioneers in Development, about leaning follow the ideology of development was born the economists who do not know the dictionary is that the country must build a sponge to the West. But for them, never ask for legal foreign-aid request. With the rich Western countries, let alone to ask for help, would harm the needy (poor countries). 

For the Bung Karno, who when called Kusno small, this seems no sweet story for the poorest countries that build the capital and foreign aid. All rush be the development of management and modern technology, the flow diverted - so that the poor become rich and overtake West - just sucker the poor wealth which makes the behind. 

That is the Bung Karno successfully animate the spirit of revolution and take stand on its own feet for the nation, although not yet had time to make the people in the life of the prosperous. The concept of "stand on its own feet" is not up to the goal but at least succeeded in giving pride to the nation's existence. Rather than stand at the top of the foreign debts that the dependence and ketidakberdayaan (noekolonialisme). 

Bung Karno childhood filled with the spirit of independence already. It was only a few years living with parents in Blitar. During the elementary school to graduate, he lives in Surabaya, in the boarding house Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto, seasoned politicians of the Syarikat Islam. Then continue on HBS (Hoogere Burger School). While studying at HBS that he has the soul unite nasio-nalismenya. After graduating HBS 1920, he moved to Bandung, and continue to me-THS (Technische Hooge-school or High School Tekhnik now become ITB). He successfully achieved the title "Ir" on 25 May 1926. 

Then, he formulated Marhaenisme teaching and establish PNI (Partai Nasional lndonesia) on 4 July 1927, with the goal of Indonesia Merdeka. As a result, the Netherlands, the colonists, menjebloskannya to Sukamiskin prison, on the 29 December 1929. Eight months later a new disidangkan. In defense, entitled 'Indonesia contest', with a brave expose it wrack the Netherlands, a nation that is more advanced. 

Defense is to make the Netherlands more angry. So in July 1930, PNI was dissolved. After the free (1931), Bung Karno join the Partindo and memimpinnya. As a result, he was again arrested and removed to the Dutch Ende, Flores, year 1933. Four years later moved to Bengkulu. 

After a long struggle, Bung Karno and Bung Hatta proclaim the independence of Indonesia on 17 August 1945. Previously, he also succeeded in formulating the Pancasila, which then becomes the basis (ideology) of the Republic of Indonesia. He seeks bond archipelago. He even tried channeling the nations in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Asia Africa Conference in Bandung in 1955 that later evolved into a movement Non Blok. 

Rebellion G-30-S/PKI birth to the political crisis is very great. He also did not want to liquidate the PKI was accused by the students and the TNI as a manipulator of the general severity of homicide. Political atmosphere increasingly garbled. So that on 11 March 1966 he issued a warrant for Soeharto to control the situation, which was then known as the Center. But, this is the beginning of the kejatuh-annya. For the Center for the Soeharto dismiss PKI sympathy and seize the politicians and students, and 'seize' power. MPR reinforces Center is questioned and rejected the Soekarno and Soeharto as the official president. 

Then Bung Karno 'imprisoned' in Yaso Wisma, Jakarta. Health continues to deteriorate. Finally, on Sunday, June 21 1970 he died in RSPAD. He be buried in Yaso Wisma, Jakarta and dimakamkan in Blitar, East Java near the tomb ibundanya, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. Excellency Yang Mulia Leaders of this revolution leave 8 children. Fatmawati get out of the five children, namely Guntur, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati, and Guruh. Hartini's got two children and that is Taufan Bayu. Meanwhile, from Ratna Sari Dewi, female descendants of the original Japanese named Naoko Nemoto have a daughter that is Kartika. 

Orator Ulung 
The first President of the Republic of Indonesia that is known as a skilful orator, who can hold a very furious about the national revolution, and the me-neokolonialis imperialism. He was also very confident in the strength of the mass, the strength of the people. 

"I am nothing without the people. I am because of the people, I struggled because of the people, and I mouthpiece of the people, "said Bung Karno, in his work 'dig Api Pancasila'. An expression that is quite honestly a great orator. 

Symptoms of Bung Karno is a rare phenomenon that impressed many people to invite. Kemahirannya use language with all kinds of style associated with virginity. This is reflected in the autobiography, and essay-length history books that include terjangnya kick. 

He was a cen-dekiawan-kan who died hundreds of paper and some manuscript dra-ma, which could only ever dipentaskan in Ende, Flores. Collection of writings is diterbit-kan with the title "Flag of Diba-wah Revolution", two volumes. The first volume can be said the most interesting and most important because it represents itself as Soekarno Soekarno. 

From the book setebal approximately 630 pages are any posts that begins the first of the year 1926, with the title "nationalist-me, Islamisme, and Marxisme" is the most interesting and probably most important as a point-decline in an effort to understand the Soekarno period of turbulence in the youth, a young people aged 26 years. 

Kebesarannya in the middle, the skilful orator and author piawai, this always requires the support of others. He was not lonely and do not hold like a closed place. 

At the end of his power, he often felt lonely. In autobio-grafinya organized by Cindy Adams, Bung Karno, the People's mouthpiece, said. "I did not sleep for six years. I can not sleep goods overnight. Sometimes, late at night, I call someone a close with such as Subandrio, Deputy Prime Minister and one said, 'Bandrio came to my place, I temani, tell to me something odd, mention a farce, berceritalah about what the origin not about politics. And if I fall asleep, forgive .... For the first time in my life I began to eat sleeping pills. I am tired. Too tired. " 

In other parts of the mentioned, "Reviewed the overall position as president is not a relegation ubahnya the remote ... Often thought oranglah a change, not pikiranmu ... They participated in creating this lonely island in sekelilingmu. " 

Anti-imperialism 
On 17 May 1956. Bung Karno get honor speech delivered in front of the United States Congress. As New York Times reported (first page) the next day, in a speech that he was attacked with persistent colonialism. 

"Struggle and sacrifice that we have done for our people's deliverance from the shackle of colonialism, has lasted from generation to generation for centuries. However, the struggle is still not finished. How is the struggle that can be completed if the millions of people in Asia and Africa are still under colonial domination, still can not enjoy freedom? "Squeal when Soekarno was. 

Terrible, even though the speech was hard to oppose colonialism and imperialism, and quite critical of the Western countries, he got an extraordinary in the United States (U.S.). 

A speech that shows the consistency of thought and attitudes that Bung Karno since the youth antikolonialisme. Especially in the period 1926-1933, the spirit antikolonialisme and anti-imperialism is already clear dikedepankannya. 

It is very clear and decisive collective memory of colonialism pahitnya the foreign country that is rich. However, words and facts are two different things, and not infrequently for behind each other. 

Soekarno penggagas nationalism and the other forced to wrestle in the "word" and "fact" that tried political knitted but are not easy, and not infrequently encountered deadlock. 

Soekarno who diligently speaking, among others, about the size of the idea to unite the nationalist, religious, and Communist (1926) find that at all for behind, when he try to be a fact. Similarly, the idea that the size of the others: marhaenisme, or nationalism marhaenistis, who cooked dikonsepsikan in 1932. In fact, ideas about Pancasila. 

Controversial figure 
As a figure who has a firm principle, Bung Karno often regarded as controversial figure. So no wonder if he has his opponent and that is the overt mengritik and defend his view. In the political opponents in the country, he is considered to represent the politicians figure that abangan "less Islamic." They even menggolongkannya group leader as "the secular nationalist". 

However, in the eyes Syeikh Mahmud Syaltut from Cairo, was the groundsman pancasila Qaida adzima min al-quwada dignity harir fii al-balad al-Islam (Leader of the movement's independence in the lands of Islam). In fact, Democracy Terpimpin, who debated in the country, it is praised by Syeikh Al-Azhar as, "lam yakun ila min shuratu asy syuraa Shara 'allatiy ja'alha al-Qur'an sya'ana min al-mu syu'un 'minin "(not only one illustration of the permusyawaratan made by Al-Quran as the basis for the believers). 

When tensions heighten between Israel and Arab countries concerning the status of Palestine during the Arab press welcomes sensational Bung Karno, "Champion for Arab interests have arrived." Similarly, the Holy Throne Vatican gives three awards degrees to the president of the Republic of the majority is Muslim. 

Indeed, the defense of the Bung Karno suppressed not only for his country but also other countries. That is why he was adored by the Arabs out of the middle attack Israel is tense. Bung Karno considered the leading Muslim nation. In fact, in their own country it is seen more often as a nation than the abangan santri. 

In fact, how religiuskah Bung Karno? Is not he also in formulating the draft Pancasila moral Godhead the One God? Sila showed that the nation is a religious nation. Indonesia is a nation that recognizes the complex and the five religions. How can embrace the religious vision of five in a single sentence that is fundamental if the sentence does not understand the context of life in correctly? 

In this elegant quoted in Clifford Geertz observed Islam (1982): "Style is a style of religious Soekarno Soekarno himself." How not? To Louise Fischer, Bung Karno had confessed that he at once Muslim, Christian, and Hindu. In the observer's eye, such as Geertz, such recognition is considered as "expansive style seems to want to embrace the whole world." Conversely, such expression in hemat-BJ Boland in The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia (1982) - "just a manifestation of religious feelings of most of the people of Indonesia, especially Java." Penghayatan for the spiritual East, the speech is "the courage to express various thoughts that may be accused of the believer formalis as bidah". 

Political System 
Soekarno have views on the political system that didukungnya is the most "appropriate" with "personality" and "culture" typical of a nation seems to the cooperation, mutual assistance and harmony. In rhetoric, it is a criticism "individualism" that he said was born of Western liberalism. Individualism is selfishness birth, and this is particularly reflected by contention antarpartai. 

Then stir it Terpimpin Democracy. Soekarno engage in important political mass mobilization, it was sympathetic to the movements of anti-imperialism, and perhaps as a consequence, receive on the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) as a legitimate political actor, supporting terpimpin conception of democracy. So it was a political system that even anti-liberal and skeptical on political pluralism. He was to the "unity" for the "revolution". 

In the 1950s, Indonesia was marked by political instability caused by the parliamentary system of democracy. This system is very liberal, and dominated by political parties of the parliament. Election 1955-which won four big power, Masyumi, Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and PKI-up to now is still seen as the most free elections and that was clean throughout the history of Indonesia. However, on the other side of the parliamentary system under which the party was often fall bangunnya cabinet led by prime minister. In addition, the history also notes that the national integrity constantly threatened by various separatist movements, ie, AT / IT, PRRI / Permesta, and so forth. 

This fact makes the Soekarno suspicious because of the political party he considers Masyumi, and also the PSI, is involved in several areas of rebellion. 
Then, return mendekritkan Soekarno of Indonesia in the 1945 Constitution because constituent failure to decide a new Constitution for India, the effects of sustained debate, especially between the secular nationalist forces and the strength of the foundation of Islam. ► e-ti/crs, from various sources