Charles Darwin

From English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Charles Robert Darwin At the age of 51 years, Charled publishes new book The Origin of Species. At the age of 51 years, Charled publishes new book The Origin of Species. Born 12 February 1809 Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK Died 19 April 1882 (age 73) Downe, Kent, UK UK residence Citizens of the United Kingdom Field naturalist Alma Mater University of Edinburgh University of Cambridge Known on the Origin of Species Natural selection Royal Medal Award (1853) Wollaston Medal (1859) Copley Medal (1864) Religion Church of England, Agnostik after 1851. Charles Robert Darwin (born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, December 12, 1809 - died in Downe, Kent, England, April 19, 1882 at the age of 72 years) was a British naturalist who revolusionernya put the theory basis for the modern theory of evolution and the principle of lineage same (common descent) with a submit mechanism as natural selection. This theory is now considered as an integral component of biology (biology). She developed her interest in natural history when he initially studied medicine, and theology, at university. Marine travel to the world for five years on the ship HMS Beagle tulisan-writings of the next geological make a notable and renowned author. Observation biologisnya bring to the study of species transmutasi and he developed a theory of natural selection in 1838. Because fully aware that people who express ideas that are considered misguided such a great punishment, it is only his research to friends terdekatnya. But it forward with the research will be the emergence of various objections to the results. However, in 1858 the information that Alfred Russel Wallace also found a similar theory encouraged to do with the publication of the theory of Darwin. Book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to become The Origin of Species) (1859) is his most famous until now. This book describes the evolution through the same lineage as the dominant scientific explanation of the diversity in nature. Darwin was a Fellow of the Royal Society, to continue research, and writing a series of books about plants and animals, including humans, and the prominent is The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. The last is a book about earthworms. As a sign of recognition of the severity Darwin, he was buried in Westminster Abbey, along with the William Herschel and Isaac Newton. Contents [hide] * 1 Life o 1.1 The small o 1.2 Travel with Beagle o 1.3 Career in science, the theory of the formation of o 1.4 Marriage and children o 1.5 The theory o 1.6 Origin Publishing book Usul-species and controversy * Note 2 * 3 See also [edit] Life [edit] The small Charles Darwin, the seven years, in 1816, a year before his mother suddenly died. Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, in the family home, the Mount House. He was the fifth child of six brothers from a wealthy doctor Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. Her grandfather, Erasmus Darwin the father of Josiah Wedgwood and his mother's side. Both come from the UK's leading family, the family Darwin - Wedgwood to support the Unitarian church. His mother died when Charles was still eight years old. When the following year he was in school in Shrewsbury School which is not so much, he lived in boarding school. Thanks to the property from his parents, Darwin and enjoy the comfort To have access to facilities of a good education. However, her father worried Darwin will be the future, because he just having fun with the hunt, play with the dog and mouse. His father worried that Darwin will bring the family shame. Although Darwin is interested in biology since early, for fun, his father, he took the study medicine. At 1825, after the past summer as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor in Shropshire, Darwin continue to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But he is hated brutality surgical practice so that he leave the studies. He learned how to preserve animals from John Edmonstone, a black slave who has been released, which told him stories about the interesting tropical forests in South America. In both, Darwin became active in the student organization for the naturalist. He became a zealous student of Robert Edmund Grant. Grant is a pioneer of the theory-theory pengemangan Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles theory grandfather, Erasmus, on examining the characteristics of evolution. Darwin to participate in research about the life cycle Grant marine animals in the Firth of Forth coast who find evidence for homologi, radical theory that all animals have similar organs and differ only in kompleksitasnya. In March 1827, Darwin gave a presentation to the Plinian Perhimpunan penemuannya about yourself that spore-spore black skin often found on oyster eggs is eggs-kind loan (skate Leech). He also lectures to follow Robert Jameson on the natural history, and learn about the geology stratigrafik and how to classify plants with memantu while working to develop a broad collection of the Museum of the University of Edinburgh. During his life and after his death, Charles Darwin as an internationally renowned scientist who is researching controversial topics. At 1827, his father is not happy because the child is not interested to become a doctor, register it secretly in a Bachelor of Arts program at Christ's College, Cambridge University, to prepare them to be pastor. This is a reasonable choice at the time when the Anglican clergy have the rather, and most of the naturalist in the UK at that time pastor who is considered part of the task they were "exploring the miracle-miracle of God's creation." In Cambridge, Darwin prefer to ride a horse and shoot from the study. Together cousin, William Darwin Fox, he drowned in the craze at that time to collect beetle race. Fox also memperkenalkannya Priest to John Stevens Henslow, professor botany, to obtain expert advice about the beetle. Then Darwin took classes in natural history Henslow, a student kesayangannya, and became known as "the person who walked with Henslow." When the test arrived, Darwin focused more attention on the study and get additional special class of Henslow in subjects of mathematics and theology. Darwin will be especially interested in writings William Paley, including arguments about the divine design in nature. In the exam-exam in January 1831, he succeeded well in theology and because he studied hard in classical studies, mathematics and physics, he appeared on the ranking of 10 out of 178 students who graduated. Residency claims require Darwin lived in Cambridge until June. Following the example and advice Henslow, he was not in a hurry to become a pastor. He was inspired by any posts Alexander von Humboldt, Personal narrative, and therefore he plans to visit Madeira Islands to study the natural history in the area of tropical sekelasnya with some friends after graduating. To prepare, take Darwin's geology class Priest Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, and in the summer to go with him to assist in the mapping layer (strata) in Wales. Darwin are doing their own research when stratanya planned to go to Madeira was canceled by the message that the colleague who will go with him had died, but when he returned home he received another letter. Henslow was Darwin to provide recommendations for positions that are not paid to be the assistant for Robert Fitzroy, captain HMS Beagle, in a two-year expedition to explore the coastline South America. This would give Darwin a valuable opportunity to develop his career as a naturalist. His father was against the trip, considered as a waste of time, but he was tricked by Josiah Wedgwood II, to approve participation of their children. Travel into this five-year expedition, which caused dramatic changes in many areas of science. [edit] Travel to the Beagle While investigating the HMS Beagle wild beaches South America, Darwin began to develop theories about the natural wonders in the surrounding areas. Darwin has been decided that the way his life has become for the church and the quiet life when he received a bid that is tempt. Darwin was invited to accompany Captain Robert Fitzroy in the ship HMS Beagle. At that time, has become a habit that ships have the assistant captain during the expedition ships that normally take place over many years. Because the position of Captain Fitzroy is high enough, only a 'gentleman' that can be pendampingnya. The Darwin nigrat terbukti useful. Although the expedition aims to map marine mempuat, Fitzroy secretly plan to search for evidence of creation as written in the Gospel. Ironically, Darwin elected by Fitzroy because Darwin is a prospective pastor, as well as blood ningratnya blessing. Beagle survey took place five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of the time for this menjelajani land. He's investigating the diverse geological, fossil and living organisms, and meet diverse people, both indigenous and colonial society. The methodology he collected a large number of specimens, many of them new to science. This reinforces reputation as a naturalist and make a pioneer in the field of ecology, especially the understanding of biokoenosis. Notes the length terincinya show karunianya to build theory and form the basis for their work in the future, and provides understanding antropologis social, political, the depth of the regions that dikunjunginya. In that voyage, Darwin read the book Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (Principles of Geology), which describes how the geological processes as a result of the various stages during the long period, and writing letters to his family that he saw the forms of land "as if olah Lyell eyes have it ": it was plain to see from the plain-lamina (shingle) and the sheer scallop-shell in Patagonia as the beaches of Ascending. In Chile he experienced the earthquake records and the basics of sea shells that were above the high tide which shows that the land had Ascending; and even in places high in the Andes, he can collect shells, sea shells. He created the theory that coral atol, atol formed on the volcanoes of sinking, an idea that he be viewed when the Beagle investigate Cocos (Keeling) Islands. In South America he found fossil-fossil giant mammals that have been extinct, teermasuk megatheria and gliptodon in layers that do not show signs or katastrofi climate change. Occasionally he mengangggap them with similar species in Africa, but after sailing Richard Owen showed that the remnants that come from animals associated with the beings living in the same place. Argentina in two species of rhea have areas that separate but bertumpang up. Galápagos Islands in Darwin found that the mockingbird is different from one island to another island, and when to return to Britain kepadnya shown that the tortoise Galápagos Tortoise and birds Finch also vary depending on the species of each island that they huni. Animals berkantung Australia platipus kangaroo rat and the animals is a very strange that he thinks "People who do not believe ... may be said 'surely two of the work has a different'." He dibingungkan by what is seen, and ssementara in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Beagle Pelayaran in) it describes the distribution of species based on the ideas of Charles Lyell "centers of creation", in the edition, the edition of the Journal of this, he begin to imagine the use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "people may actually suspect that's a small number of native birds in this archipelago, one species has been taken and modified for the purposes of the different." Three indigenous missionaries returned by Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They have diberadabkan in the UK for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes look "wild", a little above the animals. Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their loud and primitive, but they were more like it and do not want to return to the civilized world. This experience and Darwin rejection of slavery and the treatment of various other human being who does not see elsewhere, such as poor treatment of indigenous people by the British colonist in Tasmania meyakinkannya that does not have any moral justification for treating people with bad based on the concept race. Now he argues that mankind is not too far from the animals, different from what is believed by friends to the believer. While in the ship, Darwin experienced seasick. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, when back from the Andes mountains to Valparaíso, he fell ill and had to stay in bed for a month. Since 1837 Darwin repeatedly suffered from stomachache, vomiting, a severe ulcer, heart flutter, tremor and other symptoms. All these symptoms, especially mempengaruhinya the time he felt depressed, such as when attending meetings or dealing with the controversy about the theory. Darwin causes disease is not known at the time of his life, and various efforts to merawatnya not successful. Speculation recently mentioned that he was in South America due to Chagas disease infected insect bite, which caused many problems later. Other causes that may include problems psiko-biological and Ménière disease. [edit] Career in science, the theory of the formation of Main article for this section are: The Darwin Theory When still young, Charles Darwin joined the scientific elite. While in cruise, Henslow gently strengthen the reputation of former students to provide a number of naturalist terpilh access to the fossil samples and a copy of a copy-printed writings geological Darwin. When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin has become well known in scientific circles. He visited his family in Shrewsbury, and his father develop the savings that Darwin can be a scientist supported by the funds themselves. Darwin then went to Cambridge and Henslow blandish botanis that the description of the modern landscape that have dikumpulkannya. After that around Darwin to institutions in London to search for the best naturalist to describe the collection-the collection for publication in a timely manner. Charles Lyell to Darwin really excited to meet on 29 October and to Richard Owen memperkenalkannya an expert anatomy of leaves are rising. After the collection of fossil bones, the bones of the Darwin on Surgery of the Kingdom of his, Owen caused great shock to disclose that some of it comes from the rat and mouse-like animal that has a giant creep destroyed. This increase the reputation of Darwin. With the enthusiastic support Lyell, Darwin makalahnya convey that to the first geological Perhimpunan London on 4 January 1837, and said that the land South America are slowly Ascending. On the same day the Darwin presents examples of mammals and to burungnya Perhimpunan Zoologis London. Animals mammals was taken by George R. Waterhouse. Although the birds that seem like a new idea appears later, John Gould, an expert bird revealed that what Darwin presumed that as the "Wren", black birds, and Finch is quite different from the Galápagos Finch is everything, but each each species is different. The other in the Beagle, including Fitzroy telha also collect the birds and more careful with their records, to find possible Darwin's islands where each species was derived. Charles lives in London with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At parties regale he met a number of Cendikiawan which holds that God has set a previous life with the laws of nature, rather than the creation-the creation of magic for a while. Friends of his brother, nn. Harriet Martineau is the author of a story-a story promoting a law-poor Whig Malthus. The scientific scene with ideas about transmutasi species that are associated with a controversial radical upheaval. Darwin will be more like friends who honored, the Cambridge professor, even though the ideas-ideas beyond their confidence that natural history must justify religion and social order. On 17 February 1837, Lyell using speech kepresidenannya in Perhimpunan Geographic to present the findings to determine the date Owen fossil fossil-Darwin, and inferensi shows that species of animals that have been pu nah is related to the species of which have now in the same place. At the same meeting that Darwin was selected to become members of the Council of that. He has been invited by Fitzroy to donate any posts in the Journal based on the records lapangannya as the natural history of the captain's report Beagle voyage. Now he drowned in books about the geology of South America. At the same time he speculate about transmutasi Note the Red Book in his telha started on the Beagle. A project that started getting reports of the experts about the collection published as a series of publication of Zoology of the Voyage HMS Beagle (Zoology Pelayaran of HMS Beagle), and Henslow using contact-contact to arrange delivery of £ 1000 from the Treasury to mensponsorinya. Darwin finished writing his Journal around 20 June when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid July he started a note book "B" is a secret about transmutasi, and that the hypothetical in which each island's Galápagos Islands have any type of turtle-kuranya own, everything that comes from a species of turtle and had to adjust to the island -island in a different way that's different. Under pressure to arrange Zoology and edit the script-a script for his Journal, Darwin's health go down. On 20 September 1837 he was suffering "a heart throb" and go to rural areas to restore health. He visited Maer Hall where the invalid aunt diasuh by daughter remain single, Emma Wedgwood, and entertaining family relative with the stories about the journey. Uncle, Jos indicates a place in the land where Cinders disappeared under loam and said that it is all working earthworms. Darwin's ideas to have a conversation that disampaikannya to geological Perhimpunan on 1 November, on a topic that is very common on earthworms. He has been the official positions-positions that can seize the valuable time, but in March that, Whewell was merekrutnya as the Secretary of geological Perhimpunan. Darwin makes the pain of resting pressure job, and he went to study geology in Scotland. In the bright air, he visited Glen Roy to see the phenomenon known as "roads" that - a blunder - disebutnya as the beaches of Ascending. Choose marry cousin Charles, Emma Wedgwood. After total recovery, he kembail to her home in Shrewsbury. He was thinking about career and prospects of scientific and, therefore, is he prepared a list with two columns with the title "Married" and "Not Married." The list is entered under the column pro-perhikahan include "permanent assistant and friend in old age ... never better than a dog," while the list of the counter is "less money for books" and "loss of time which is very sad ". Consideration of the winning pro. He discussed this with his father's cousin ago went to visit Emma on 29 July 1838. He does not directly apply, but contrary to the advice his father, he told Emma ideas about transmutasi. While the mind and the work continued in London on msuim killed, many times he was sick. On 11 November he was back and apply for Emma, and again told him ideas-ideas. He received it, but write back and ask him to be reading from the Gospel of John about the love and follow the road which also states that "Whoever does not live in Me, he ... dicampakkan ago in a fire burned." Charles sends a warm, eliminating the concern, but Emma still worry that retrogression will be dangerous to the faith Charles hopes that they will meet again in life after death. [edit] Marriage and children Darwin in 1842 with sulungnya child, William Erasmus Darwin. On 29 January 1839, Darwin married cousin Emma Wedgwood at Maer in an Anglican ceremony that is set to comply with the Unitarians. After first living in Gower Street, London, this pair moved on 17 September 1842 to Down House in Downe (who is now open for public visits, Orpington in the south). Darwin family have ten children, three of them died in early age. Many of their grandchildren and their grandchildren, soon to be famous (see family Darwin - Wedgwood) * William Erasmus Darwin (27 December 1839-1914) * Anne Elizabeth Darwin (2 March 1841-22 April 1851) * Mary Eleanor Darwin (23 September 1842-16 October 1842) * Henrietta Emma "Etty" Darwin (25 September 1843-1929) * George Howard Darwin (9 July 1845-7 December, 1912) * Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin (8 July 1847-1926) * Francis Darwin (16 August 1848-19 September 1925) * Leonard Darwin (15 January 1850-26 March 1943) * Horace Darwin (13 May 1851-29 September 1928) * Charles Waring Darwin (6 December 1856-28 June 1858) Some of their children suffering from disease or weak body. Charles Darwin worried that this may be because the descendants of Emma away. This diungkapkannya-writings in any posts about bad consequences arising from the marriage between close relatives, and benefits of hybridization. [edit] Development of theories Main article for this section are: The development of the theory of Darwin Critics will worry because of the believer and the scientist, Darwin spent tens of years to develop the theory of evolution-theory, in general, and in secret. Darwin has been thinking about the evolution of ideas, that all species related to one another and have a "common ancestor" (derived from one lineage) and new species through mutation appears. But he is still curious about how the mechanisms that process occurs. Chance, he read any posts tulisal-Thomas Malthus. Malthus argued that human population increases faster than food production, causing the man to compete with one another for food and make memperebutkan benevolence futile. Darwin happy with using this mechanism to explain the theory. He wrote: "Man tends to increase in the level that is greater than how to survive. As a result, he sometimes must fight to survive, and natural selection will affect what is in this range." (Descent of Man, Ps.21) He connects with the findings of this case-finding of the species associated with the place, a developer of research animals, culture, and ideas about "natural selection legal" (Natural Selection). Towards the end of 1838 he was comparing the characteristics with the selection of the breeder according to the theory of natural selection from Malthus variants-the variants as "chance" so that "every part of the new structure is fully practiced and perfected," and assume that this is "part of most beautiful of my theory "about how the species was begun. Darwin is now a leading geolog among scientific elite among the clergy who is also the naturalist. Kuangan he is quite well established with a private income. He had a lot of work to do, write down the findings and theory-theory, and oversees the preparation of a series of writing a book that describes the Zoology collections-collection. He was sure the truth of evolution, but for a long period of time he realized that transmutasi species associated with the denial of God and with the agitator in the democratic attempt to overthrow the British public. Thus, the publication could threaten the reputation theory. Darwin is a lot of experiments with plants and various consultations with the breeder animals, breeder birds including pigeon and pig, while trying to find the answers to all the strong arguments that diantisipasinya when he presents the theory in public. When Fitzroy report published in May 1839, Journal Notes and note-Darwin get rave. Later that same year, the note itself was published, loud behavior and is now known as The Voyage of the Beagle (Beagle Pelayaran). In December 1839, when Emma being pregnant for the first time, Darwin fell ill again. [edit] Publishing book Usul-origin species and controversy On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Title page On the Origin of Species edition year 1859 Author Charles Darwin Country United Kingdom English The subject of evolutionary biology Publisher John Murray Date published 24 November 1859 Darwin wrote about the evolution of ideas in the book Origins Species (The Origin of Species), which explains the theory of evolution. In the beginning, Darwin hesitate to publish the results of thought and the results observasinya a very radical, especially in those times, in the era of Victorian England. Over the years, he saves this idea and just talking with a colleague dipercayanya. One motivation for the Darwin finally published this book is the encouragement of Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace also wrote about their own ideas and send them similar to Darwin. Darwin dinasehatkan as soon as possible to complete the writings. In the year 1859, the book The Origin of Species is published, and the unexpected, to be hard and controversial behavior. Although Darwin did not discuss human evolution in overt, book challenges get harder, both from the scientific, and community, especially the church. In this difficult period, Darwin accompanied by one of his setianya, Thomas Huxley, who dijuluki "Darwin Bulldog." The telling and sharp, Huxley defend Darwin's theory of attacks. One episode is the famous debate between Huxley with Bishop Samuel Wilberforce. [edit] Notes Charles Darwin was born on the same day with Abraham Lincoln